News Releases and Statements
 
2016
Print

June

Statement by AERA Executive Director Felice J. Levine on Fisher v. University of Texas, Austin
The Supreme Court's 4-3 decision in Fisher v. University of Texas, Austin, upholding the institution's admissions policy and affirming the consideration of race as a factor in higher education admissions is a victory for students, colleges, and the country. Read more

Media Advisory: After Fisher: What the Supreme Court's Ruling Means for Students, Colleges, and the Country
Civil rights education research experts will discuss the impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Fisher v. University of Texas, Austin on Tuesday, June 28, 2016, at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Read more

Should First-Year College Students Assessed as Needing Remedial Math Take College-Level Quantitative Courses Instead?
Policies placing first-year college students assessed as needing remedial math directly into college-level quantitative courses, with additional support, can increase student success, according to a first-of-its-kind study published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Read more

Statement by AERA Executive Director Felice J. Levine on the Terror Attack in Orlando
AERA is aggrieved by the horrific act of bigotry, extremism, and violence in Orlando. Read more

Study Snapshot: Inequalities in Parental Spending on Young Children
In a new study from AERA Open, the author found that spending on child care and learning enrichment goods for children younger than 6 has grown significantly among the wealthiest U.S. households since the 1970s, while it has stagnated for all other income groups. Read more

May

AERA Selects Marta Tienda to Deliver 2016 Brown Lecture in Education Research
Marta Tienda, a professor of sociology and public affairs at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University, has been selected by the American Educational Research Association (AERA) to present the 2016 Brown Lecture in Education Research. Read more

April

AERA 2016 Annual Meeting Schedule Highlights
View a chronological list of selected key sessions at the AERA 2016 Annual Meeting here.

AERA to Feature Ed Talks at 2016 Annual Meeting
AERA's 2016 Annual Meeting will feature five sessions of Ed Talks presented by leading education scholars. Read more

AERA Announces Additional 2016 Award Winners in Education Research
AERA announced four additional winners of its 2016 awards for excellence in education research. Read more

AERA to Live-stream Select Annual Meeting Sessions in Education Research
AERA has announced that it is live-streaming select sessions at its 2016 Annual Meeting. Read more

March

Deborah Loewenberg Ball Voted AERA President-Elect
Deborah Loewenberg Ball, the William H. Payne Collegiate Professor in education and an Arthur F. Thurnau professor at the University of Michigan, has been voted president-elect of AERA. Read more

Media Advisory: Dr. Jill Biden to Address AERA Annual Meeting
AERA announced that U.S. Second Lady Dr. Jill Biden will address a session of the AERA Annual Meeting on April 11 in Washington, D.C. Immediately following Dr. Biden’s remarks, researchers will participate in a question and answer session. Read more

Study Snapshot: Teen Dating Violence Prevention Programs Fall Short
In a new study from Review of Educational Research, the authors found that while teen dating violence prevention programs increased knowledge and changed student attitudes to be less supportive of such behavior, they did not actually reduce dating violence. Read more

AERA Announces 2016 Award Winners in Education Research
AERA announced the winners of eleven of its fifteen 2016 awards for excellence in education research. AERA will honor the recipients for their outstanding scholarship and service at the fourth annual Awards Luncheon, April 10, at the AERA Annual Meeting in Washington, D.C. Read more

February

Media Advisory: Full Program for AERA Annual Meeting Now Available
The full program for the American Educational Research Association's 2016 Annual Meeting is now available online. Read more

AERA Announces 2016 Fellows
AERA has announced the selection of 22 scholars as 2016 AERA Fellows. Read more

Science Achievement Gaps Begin by Kindergarten
Large science achievement gaps at the end of eighth grade between white and racial/ethnic minority children and between bhildren from higher- and lower-income families are rooted in large yet modifiable general knowledge gaps already present by the time children enter kindergarten, according to new research published today in Education Researcher. Read more

AERA Announces Most Read Education Research Articles of 2015
Research on special education, non-cognitive skills, degree completion, educational inequality and more appeared in the 10 most popular journal articles published by AERA in 2015. Read more

January

Does Student Race Affect "Gifted" Assignment?
Even among elementary school students with high standardized test scores, black students are about half as likely as their white peers to be assigned to gifted programs in math and reading. However, when black students are taught by a black classroom teacher, the racial gap in gifted assignment largely disappears, according to new research published in AERA Open. Read more

Media Advisory: Press Registration Opens for AERA Annual Meeting
The 2016 Annual Meeting, held in AERA’s Centennial Year, will provide an important launching point for the second century of the association and the future of education research. Each year, the AERA Annual Meeting is a showcase for ground-breaking, innovative studies in a diverse array of areas, from early education through higher education. Read more

Study Snapshot: Is Kindergarten the New First Grade?
In a new study published in AERA Open, the authors compared kindergarten and first grade classrooms between 1998 and 2010. They found that over a 12-year period, kindergarten classes have become increasingly like first grade.
Read more

2015

November

AERA Issues Statement on the Use of Value-Added Models in Evaluation of Educators and Educator Preparation Programs
In a statement released today, AERA advises those using or considering use of value-added models about the scientific and technical limitations of these measures for evaluating educators and programs that prepare teachers.
Read more

AERA et al. File Amicus Brief in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin
On October 30, AERA filed an amicus curiae brief in the U.S. Supreme Court’s reconsideration of Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin.
Read more

October

Study Snapshot: Does College Teach Critical Thinking?
In a new study published in Review of Educational Research, the authors analyzed 71 research reports published over the past 48 years, to determine how successful four-year colleges are at teaching students critical thinking.
Read more

Media Advisory: 12th Annual Brown Lecture
Teresa McCarty, leading scholar on Indigenous education will give 12th Annual Brown Lecture on October 22 in Washington, D.C.
Read more

Joint Statement by AERA and ASHE on the Shooting at Umpqua Community College
The American Educational Research Association and the Association for the Study of Higher Education issue a joint statement on the shooting at Umpqua Community College.
Read more

September

Are American Schools Making Inequality Worse?
The answer appears to be yes. Schooling plays a surprisingly large role in short-changing the nation’s most economically disadvantaged students of critical math skills, according to a study published today in Educational Researcher, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Educational Research Association.
Read more

August

Study Finds Causal Connection between Genotypes Related to Educational Attainment and Years of Education Achieved
A first-of-its-kind, nationally representative study of siblings finds that, within families, an adolescent with a higher “polygenic score”—which summarizes previously identified genome-wide associations for educational attainment—than her or his sibling tended to go on to complete more years of schooling.
Read more

June

AERA Statement on the Charleston Shootings and Racism in America
The horrific deaths in Charleston, South Carolina, last week bear further witness to the troubling state of race relations and racism in the United States. Read more

AERA and ASHE Joint Resolution on Tenure and Academic Freedom in Wisconsin
The American Educational Research Association (AERA) and the Association for the Study of Higher Education (ASHE), as the two national scholarly associations devoted to the study of all education and higher education, respectively, affirm the principle that academic freedom, grounded in the tenure process, is essential for high-quality research and teaching. Read more

Study Finds Minority Students Are Underrepresented in Special Education
A new federally funded study finds that racial, ethnic, and language minority elementary- and middle-school students are less likely than otherwise similar white, English-speaking children to be identified as having disabilities and, as a result, are disproportionately underrepresented in special education. 
Read more

May

Researchers Urge Caution in Using Measures of Students’ "Non-Cognitive" Skills for Teacher Evaluation, School Accountability, or Student Diagnosis Selects
Policymakers and practitioners have grown increasingly interested in measures of personal qualities other than cognitive ability—including self-control, grit, growth mindset, gratitude, purpose, emotional intelligence, and other beneficial personal qualities—that lead to student success.
Read more

April

AERA Selects Teresa McCarty to Deliver 2015 Brown Lecture in Education Research
Teresa L. McCarty, a professor of education and anthropology at the University of California–Los Angeles and professor emerita at Arizona State University, has been selected by AERA to present the 2015 Brown Lecture in Education Research. Read more

March

Vivian L. Gadsden Voted AERA President-Elect; Other Key Members Elected to AERA Council
Vivian L. Gadsden, William T. Carter Professor of Child Development and Education at the University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education, has been voted president-elect of the American Educational Research Association (AERA). Read more

AERA Announces Palmer O. Johnson Award Recipients

The American Educational Research Association (AERA) today announced the recipients of its Palmer O. Johnson Memorial Award. Read more

AERA Announces 2015 Award Winners in Education Research
The American Educational Research Association (AERA) today announced the winners of eleven of its twelve 2015 awards for excellence in education research. AERA will honor the recipients for their outstanding scholarship and service at an awards ceremony on April 18, at the AERA Annual Meeting in Chicago. One additional AERA award will be announced in mid-March. Read more

Special Issue of Educational Researcher Examines Value-Added Measures
The American Educational Research Association has published a special edition of its peer-reviewed journal Educational Researcher (ER) devoted to examining value-added measures (VAM). Since 2009, President Barack Obama’s Race to the Top initiative has brought on a wave of value-added-based accountability measures, with value-added now embedded in policy in more than 30 states. Read more

Study: Little Evidence That Executive Function Interventions Boost Student Achievement
Despite growing enthusiasm about the potential of school-based executive function interventions to significantly increase student achievement, a federally funded meta-analysis finds no conclusive evidence that developing students’ executive function skills leads to better academic performance, according to a new study published in Review of Educational Research. Read more

February

AERA Announces 2015 Fellows
AERA has announced the selection of 23 scholars as 2015 AERA Fellows. AERA Fellows are selected on the basis of their notable and sustained research achievements. Read more

Early Childhood Programs Found to Significantly Lower Likelihood of Special Education Placements in Third Grade 

Access to state-supported early childhood programs significantly reduces the likelihood that children will be placed in special education in the third grade, academically benefiting students and resulting in considerable cost savings to school districts, according to new research published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Read more

January

State Performance Funding Falling Short in Student Retention and
Degree Completion 

State higher education performance funding is falling short of its intended goals of raising student retention and degree completion rates at community colleges, according to new research published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Read more

2014

December

Study Finds Steep Decline in Students Repeating Grades
Grade retention—the controversial practice of requiring a student to repeat a grade in school due to a lack of academic progress—steadily declined from 2005 through 2010, according to new research published in Educational Researcher. Read more

November

Increasingly Popular Short-Term Community College Certificate Programs Offer Limited Labor-Market Returns, Study Finds
Short-term certificate programs at community colleges offer limited labor-market returns, on average, in most fields of study, according to new research published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Read more

October

New AERA Open Access Journal Now Accepting Article Submissions
AERA Open, a new scholarly journal from AERA, is now accepting article submissions. It is among the first open access journals to be launched by a major scholarly social science society. Read more

James D. Anderson, Noted American Education History and Desegregation Expert, 
to Give 2014 Brown Lecture in Educational Research—October 23

The title of this year’s public lecture, which features speaker Dr. James D. Anderson, is “A Long Shadow: The American Pursuit of Political Justice and Education Equality.” Read more

September

AERA Names Juliane Baron Director of Government Relations
The American Educational Research Association (AERA) has named Juliane Baron as its new Director of Government Relations. She begins her position on October 1. Read more

August

New Revision of Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing Just Released
The new revision of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing has just been released jointly by the American Educational Research Association (AERA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME). Read more

Study Details Shortage of Replication in Education Research
Although replicating important findings is essential for helping education research improve its usefulness to policymakers and practitioners, less than one percent of the articles published in the top education research journals are replication studies, according to new research published today in Educational Researcher. Read more

Study: Attending a More Selective College Doesn’t Mean a Better Chance
of Graduating
 
Attending a more selective college, as measured by average SAT score, does not make much of a difference for a student’s chance of graduating with a bachelor’s degreeonce individual and other institutional factors are taken into account, according to research published today in the American Educational Research JournalRead more

July

Study Finds Unintended Consequences of Raising State Math and Science Graduation Requirements
Raising state-mandated math and science course graduation requirements may increase high school dropout rates without a meaningful effect on college enrollment or degree attainment, according to new research published in Educational Researcher. Read more

June

Study: Teachers More Likely to Use Ineffective Instruction When Teaching Students with Mathematics Difficulties
First-grade teachers in the United States may need to change their instructional practices if they are to raise the mathematics achievement of students with mathematics difficulties, according to new research published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Read more

Study: Little Evidence That No Child Left Behind Has Hurt Teacher Job Satisfaction
The conventional wisdom that No Child Left Behind has eroded teacher job satisfaction and commitment is off the mark, according to new research published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, a peer-reviewed journal of AERA. Read more

AERA Announces New Editors for 
Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics
AERA has named Daniel McCaffrey and Li Cai as the new editors for the Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics (JEBS). McCaffrey and Cai will begin reviewing manuscripts on July 1, 2014, and will become editors of record for a three-year term beginning in January 2015. Read more

May

Study: Addressing “Mischievous Responders” Would Increase Validity of Adolescent Research
“Mischievous responders” play the game of intentionally providing inaccurate answers on anonymous surveys, a widespread problem that can mislead research findings. However, new data analysis procedures may help minimize the impact of these “jokester youths,” according to research published in Educational Researcher, a peer-reviewed journal of AERA. Read more

Study: State Value-Added Performance Measures Do Not Reflect the Content or Quality of Teachers’ Instruction
New research published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis (EEPA), a peer-reviewed journal of the American Educational Research Association, finds weak to nonexistent relationships between state-administered value-added model (VAM) measures of teacher performance and the content or quality of teachers’ instruction. Read more

April

AERA Selects James D. Anderson to Deliver 2014 Brown Lecture James P. Anderson, a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a noted expert on American education history and desegregation, has been selected by the American Educational Research Association (AERA), to present the 2014 Brown Lecture in Education Research. Read more

March

AERA Announces 2014 Award Winners in Education Research
The American Educational Research Association (AERA) today announced the winners of its 2014 awards for excellence in education research. AERA will honor the recipients for their outstanding scholarship and service at an awards ceremony on April 5 at the AERA Annual Meeting in Philadelphia. Read more

Study: Community College Transfers as Likely to Earn a BA as Four-Year Students, 
Despite Credit Transfer Roadblocks
Students who begin their postsecondary education at a community college and successfully transfer to a four-year college have BA graduation rates equal to similar students who begin at four-year colleges, according to new research published today. Read more

Jeannie Oakes Voted AERA President-Elect; Other Key Members Elected to
AERA Council
 
Jeannie Oakes, director of the Ford Foundation’s programs in Educational Equity and Scholarship, has been voted president-elect of the American Educational Research Association (AERA).
Read more

February

Study: Classroom Focus on Social and Emotional Skills Can Lead to
Academic Gains
 
Classroom programs designed to improve elementary school students’ social and emotional skills can also increase reading and math achievement, even if academic improvement is not a direct goal of the skills building, according to a study to be published this month in American Educational Research Journal (AERJ). Read more

AERA 2014 Fellows Announced
AERA has announced the selection of 22 scholars as 2014 AERA Fellows. Read more

AERA Appoints Inaugural Editors for AERA Open

AERA today announced the appointment of Mark Warschauer, Greg J. Duncan, and Jacquelynne Eccles as the inaugural editors of AERA Open, effective July 1. Read more

January

January/February ER Publishes New Studies on the Arts and Critical Thinking, NCLB Waivers, and School-wide Consequences of Student Risk Factors
The January/February issue of Educational Researcher includes three feature articles, as well as a special section that examines the standards for high-quality education research. Read more
Study: University Rankings Influence Number and Competitiveness of Applicants
How universities fare on reputational quality-of-life and academic rankings – such as those published by the Princeton Review or U.S. News & World Report – can have a measurable effect on the number of applications they – and their competitors – receive and on the academic competitiveness of the resulting freshman class, according to a new study. Read more

Researchers Find Substantial Drop in Use of Affirmative Action in College Admissions
University of Washington researchers Grant H. Blume and Mark C. Long have produced the first empirical estimates using national-level data to show the extent to which levels of affirmative action in college admissions decisions changed during the period of 1992 to 2004. Read more

2013

December

December ER Releases Key New Studies: Higher Education Diversity, Common Core Advocacy, Improving Professional Development, Continuing Relevance of Textbooks
The December issue of ER includes four feature articles. Read more

November

November 2013 Educational Researcher: Automated Test Construction Can Better Assess Student Mastery of Common Core State Standards
Included in this issue is a report on an innovative algorithm for automated test construction that results in much more highly aligned – and therefore, more valid – assessments of student mastery of state content standards. Read more

AERA Issues Recommendations for Supporting Non-Tenure-Track Faculty
With a focus on the dramatic increase in non-tenure-track faculty (NTTF) in schools, colleges, and departments of education – and on the working conditions they encounter – the American Educational Research Association (AERA) has issued a statement and background report on advancing the professional circumstances for these faculty members. Read more
 
AERA Issues Recommendations for Rethinking Faculty Evaluation for the 21st Century
A new report from the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Rethinking Faculty Evaluation, offers research-based guidelines for rethinking how institutions of higher education evaluate research, scholarship, and teaching for tenure-line faculty. Read more

October

October 2013 Educational Researcher Examines Gender Gap in College Enrollment
Included in this issue is an unprecedented look at the role of sorting between boys and girls across public U.S. high schools in explaining the gender gap of college enrollment among black and Hispanic students. Read more

Want to Increase College Students’ Graduation Rates? Coach Them, Researchers Find
Individualized coaching of college students boosts student persistence and completion, while being less costly to implement than targeted financial aid programs and other intervention methods. Read more

September

Education Policy and Civil Rights Expert Gary Orfield to Give 10th Annual Brown Lecture on October 24 in Washington, D.C.
R.S.V.P. today for the 2013 Brown Lecture: A New Civil Rights Agenda for American EducationRead more

AERA Executive Director Comments on the U.S. Department of Education’s New Guidance 
on the Voluntary Use of Race to Support Diversity in Higher Education
Felice J. Levine, executive director of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), issued the following statement on the U.S. Department of Education’s release of new guidance to colleges and universities on the voluntary use of race to support diversity in postsecondary education. Read more

Social and Behavioral Science Organizations to Hold Congressional Briefing on “What's Ailing America? Shorter Lives, Poorer Health”
At a Capitol Hill briefing, four distinguished experts in the areas of health, behavioral, and social sciences will discuss the findings and research recommendations of the report "U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health." Read more

June

AERA Executive Director Comments on Supreme Court’s Fisher Ruling
The Supreme Court’s ruling, by upholding Grutter and affirming the state’s compelling interest in fostering the benefits of diversity in higher education, aligns with the overwhelming body of scientific research. Read more

AERA Statement on NSF's New Rules for Complying With Congressional Restrictions on Political Science Research
AERA Executive Director Felice J. Levine today released the following statement regarding the National Science Foundation’s June 7, 2013, notice on implementation of the 2013 Federal Continuing Appropriations Act provisions affecting NSF’s political science program. Read more

AERA Appoints New Editors for American Educational Research Journal
AERA announced the appointment of new editors for the Social and Institutional Analysis (SIA) and Teaching, Learning, and Human Development (TLHD) sections of the American Educational Research Journal. Read more

May

Congressional Briefing Underscores Necessity of IES Research in STEM Education
An AERA co-sponsored Capitol Hill briefing last week spoke to the vital role of STEM education research funded by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) in advancing math and science teaching, in the United States, from pre-school through secondary education. Learn more

AERA to Launch Open Access Journal
May 21—The American Educational Research Association announced today that it will launch AERA Open, an online, peer-reviewed journal that will be freely available to all readers on the web. AERA Open is expected to start publishing articles in early 2014. Read more

April

Noted Education Expert Gary Orfield Selected as 2013 Brown Lecturer 
April 29—Gary Orfield, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), has been selected by the American Educational Research Association (AERA) to present the 2013 Brown Lecture in Education Research. The announcement was made at the Association’s 94th Annual Meeting taking place this week in San Francisco. Read more

AERA Issues Report on Prevention of Bullying in Schools and Colleges
April 30, 2012—AERA issued a new report titled Prevention of Bullying in Schools, Colleges, and Universities: Research Report and Recommendations. The report results from the work of a blue-ribbon AERA task force mandated to prepare and present practical short-term and long-term recommendations to address bullying of children and youth. Read more

AERA to Live-Stream Select Annual Meeting Sessions
April 24, 2013—Nine sessions will feature prominent scholars and other national voices speaking on key issues at all levels of education. Free registration is required to watch any of the nine sessions. Read more

Special Section of Educational Researcher Tackles Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin

April 24, 2013—As the higher education community and the nation await a decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, Educational Researcher (ER) examines the role of social science research in the arena of public affairs. Read more

Scholars Examine Research on the Use of Race in Admissions in Anticipation of Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin Decision by U.S. Supreme Court

April 24, 2013—At the AERA Annual Meeting, two sessions on Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin will outline scientific evidence on the use of race as one factor in the university’s admissions policy as outlined in the AERA et al. amicus brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court and the implications of the imminent court decision for higher education. Read more

Arne Duncan and Leading Scholars to Discuss Key Issues with More than 14,000 Education Researchers at AERA Annual Meeting

April 7, 2013—U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan and the field’s leading scholars will meet with more than 14,000 education researchers at the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association to examine the major issues and challenges facing students at all levels of education, educators, policy makers, and other stakeholders. Read more

AERA Announces 2013 Award Winners in Education Research

April 4, 2013—AERA today announced the winners of its 2013 awards for excellence in education research. AERA will honor the recipients for their outstanding scholarship and service at an awards ceremony luncheon on April 29 at the AERA Annual Meeting in San Francisco. Read more

Deadline for AERA-EWA Data Journalism Fellowships Quickly Approaching

April 2, 2013─Journalists interested in broadening their understanding of education data have until April 5 to apply for a week-long fellowship co-sponsored by AERA and the Education Writers Association. Read more

March

Joyce E. King Voted President-Elect of the American Educational Research Association
March 2013─Joyce E. King, a Georgia State University professor who is expert in teacher education and Black culture and education, has been voted president-elect of AERA. Her term as president begins at the conclusion of AERA’s 2014 Annual Meeting, after one year of service as president-elect. Read more

AERA Announces 2013 Fellows
March 2013─AERA has announced the selection of 23 scholars as 2013 AERA Fellows. Read more

February

OSTP Announces Plans to Increase Access to Federally Funded Research, AERA Well-Positioned to Respond
February 2013─The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) issued a memorandum on February 22, 2013, directing all federal agencies with R&D expenditures exceeding $100 million per year to develop plans to increase public access to the results of unclassified, federally funded research. Public access to knowledge, federally funded or not, has been a priority topic for AERA. Read more

AERA Announces Publication of the International Handbook of Research on Environmental Education

February 4, 2013─AERA is proud to announce the publication of the International Handbook of Research on Environmental Education , a volume aimed at educators, researchers, policy makers, and students to help create better understanding of environmental issues. Read more

January

The Impact of Affirmative Action Bans in Graduate Fields of Study
January 23, 2013─Important findings on the impact of banning affirmative action in higher education were just published in the American Educational Research Journal (AERJ). The article, “Understanding the Impact of Affirmative Action Bans in Different Graduate Fields of Study,” examines the effects of affirmative action bans on the enrollment of students of color across six fields of graduate study in four states. Read more

New Research Shows Uncertain Benefits after Grade 2

January 14, 2013─Education researchers Paul Hanselman and Geoffrey D. Borman have evaluated the impact of literacy instruction in grades 3 through 5. Their findings were published in Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis (EEPA). Read more

Researchers Find Quality of Instruction Trumps Language in Reading Programs for Elementary-Age English Language Learners
January 14, 2013─New research synthesizes studies of English reading outcomes for Spanish-dominant English language learners (ELLs) in elementary schools. The review appears in the December issue of Review of Educational Research. Read more
 
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